Policy Intervention Analysis: environmental impact assessment
Book Details
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is crucial for protecting the environment, especially in a country like India—with its dense and rapidly growing population, shrinking land mass, and an economy poised for rapid growth. In order to make EIA an interactive process, it is necessary that it is supported by a strong follow-up mechanism. A properly formulated follow-up process would not only encourage compliance but also increase awareness among the stakeholders.
Policy Intervention Analysis: environmental impact assessment evaluates the adequacy of post project monitoring (PPM) process in India and its effective implementation with a focus on the industrial sector. The book investigates the reasons for poor compliance and gives corrective measures for corrective PPM. It identifies specific measures to improve environmental conditions and provides an action plan that will help strengthen the monitoring and enforcement mechanism based on specific regional concerns.
Target Audience
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Postgraduates/PhD scholars, scientists/teachers in Environmental Studies, policy makers
Table of Contents
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1. EIA Process in India and its Constraints
Introduction
What is an EIA?
EIA in India
Significance of the Study
Outline of the Book
2. Comparative Review of EIA
Introduction
EIA in India
Evaluation of the Indian EIA System
3. Haldia: A Case Study
Introduction
Haldia: An Industrial Estate
4. Concept of EIA Follow–up and Practice in India
EIA Follow-up
Institutional Arrangement of Follow-up in India
Appraisal of Follow-up Process in India
Cost of Follow-up in Haldia
5. Environmental Quality Assessment
Introduction
Pollution Load from Various Units
Air Quality Assessment—Dispersion Modelling
Water Quality Assessment
Effectiveness of the Monitoring Network
6. Enforcement Mechanisms
Introduction
Enforcement Mechanism in India
Enforcement in Haldia
Penalties Imposed Versus Cost of Compliance in Haldia
7. Questionnaire Analysis
Introduction
Structure of the Questionnaire
Statistical Analysis of the Questionnaire
Common Facts in the Analysis and Questionnaire
8. Conclusion and Policy Implications
Conclusion
Policy Implications to Make the Follow-up Effective
List of Tables:
1.Comparison of EIA system in various countries
2.SWOT analysis of the Indian EIA system with respect to the 1994 notification
3.Sex ratio and literacy rate in Haldia
4.Land use pattern of Haldia in 1989 and 2001
5.Seasons in Haldia
6.Meteorological data for 2003, Haldia
7.Common fauna of the region
8.Health facilities working in the area
9.Traffic count at mid-blocks
10.List of industries in Haldia
11.Water demand of various operating units in Haldia
12.Ground water usage among units in Haldia
13.Waste water discharge of various units
14.Terminology related to follow-up
15.Guiding principles to implement EIA follow-up
16.Overview of the environmental regulations specified by the MoEF
17.Content analysis of specified environmental conditions
18.Details of source monitoring carried out by WBPCB
19.Details of ambient air quality monitoring carried out by industries
20.Details of source monitoring carried out by industries
21.Compliance status of units with respect to the given TORs
22.Frequency of monitoring in various units along with instances of non-compliance (2000–04)
23.Categories of ventilation coefficient
24.Air quality index for Haldia based on data at two stations
25.Instances of imposed bank guarantee
26.Annual cost of follow-up in Haldia in INR
27.Major air-polluting industrial units in Haldia
28.Fuel consumption of West Bengal—emission factors and sulphur content
29.Adopted emission factors for vehicles
30.Stability classification
31.Wind profile exponent based on stability classes
32.Model performance evaluation for selected stations
33.Details of the variables used in HD module calibration
34.Description of accounted point load discharges to river
35.Hoogly and GBC
36.Details of the variables used in EL module calibration
37.Examples of a few recent and significant penalties in the USA
38.Significant court judgements on environmental protection
39.Significant court-imposed fines/penalties
40.Penalty provision as indicated in the Air and Water Act in India
41.Total environmental cost of non-compliance
42.What are the major contributions of EIA?
43.Will EIA 2006 notification bring substantial improvements in the process of PPM?
44.Where PPM guidelines need elaboration?
45.What are the most probable reasons of non-compliance on the part of industries?
46.Whether duplicity of efforts (that is, compliance checks by SPCB and RO) should be removed to utilize resources of regulatory authorities effectively?
47.For improved compliance and extensive source and ambient monitoring, which of the following arrangement is feasible and will also be a solution to limitation of regulatory agencies?
48.Which enforcement mechanism is more recommended to bind industrial units to regulations?
49.If capacity building initiatives have to be directed towards “legal powers”, which agency should have the legal power of enforcement for environmental regulations?
50.Opinion of industries to improve compliance and implementation
List of Figures:
1.Various stages in the EIA process
2.EIA process in the USA
3.EIA process in the Netherlands
4.EIA process in the People’s Republic of China
5.EIA process in Brazil
6.EIA process in Mexico
7.EIA process in India (added in 2006 notification)
8.Overview of the study area—Haldia
9.Population growth trend in HPA
10.Annual wind rose of the Haldia region in 2003
11.General soil stratification and hydrogeology
12.Road network in Haldia (road numbers are explained in Table 3.7)
13.Indicative map of the location of industries around the Green Belt
14.Canal (GBC) in Haldia
15.A few industrial establishments discharging emissions from stacks
16.Framework of PPM in India
17.Location of air and water monitoring stations of WBPCB
18.Hourly ventilation coefficients for winter and summer months
19.Monthly concentrations of RSPM and SPM at two stations in Haldia
20.Monthly concentrations of SO2 and NOx at two stations in Haldia
21.Concentration of O&G at 10 locations in the GBC
22.Concentration of TSS at 10 locations in the GBC
23.Concentration of BOD at 10 locations in the GBC
24.Concentration of COD at 10 locations in the GBC
25.Instances of non-compliance in GBC regarding monthly monitoring in 2003
26.Instances of non-compliance in GBC regarding monthly monitoring in 2004
27.Percentage contributions to SPM by various sources
28.Percentage contributions of various industries to total industrial SPM
29.Percentage contributions to SO2 by various sources
30.Percentage contributions of various industries to total industrial SO2
31.Overview map showing Hoogly estuary and GBC (PST–SWAL; FBR–CFCL; PCU–MCPI)
32.Percentage contributions of various industries to the total O&G load
33.Percentage contributions of various industries to the total TSS load
34.Percentage contributions of various industries to the total BOD load
35.Percentage contributions of various industries to the total COD load
36.Seasonal wind rose of Haldia
37.Monthly stability profile of Haldia
38.Observed and predicted monthly SPM concentration at WBIIDC
39.Observed and predicted monthly SPM concentration at Supermarket
40.Observed and predicted monthly SO2 concentration at WBIIDC
41.Observed and predicted monthly SO2 concentration at Supermarket
42.SPM isopleths for the pre-monsoon season
43.SPM isopleths for the monsoon season
44.SPM isopleths for the post-monsoon season
45.SPM isopleths for the winter season
46.SO2 isopleths for the pre-monsoon season
47.SO2 isopleths for the monsoon season
48.SO2 isopleths for the post-monsoon season
49.SO2 isopleths for the winter season
50.Bathymetry of Haldia
51.Water levels at Diamond Harbour used as northern boundary
52.Water levels at Sagar Roads used as southern boundary
53.Model calibration: comparison between model-simulated and measured tidal elevation at Raichak
54.Model calibration: comparison between model simulated and measured tidal elevation at Fraiser
55.Model calibration: comparison between model-simulated results and measured BOD levels at various locations in GBC
56.Model validation: comparison between model-simulated results and measured tidal elevation at Kulpi (top) and Gangra (bottom)
57.Model result: predicted flow at Pataikhali 1 and Pataikhali 2
58.Model result: DO at three locations in GBC
59.Model result: BOD at three locations in GBC
60.BOD level in the river and part of GBC: high water and ebb condition in river; outflow from GBC(top); ebb condition in river; outward flow from GBC (middle); ebb condition in river and outward flow in GBC (bottom)
61.BOD level in the river and part of GBC: ebb condition in river and outflow in GBC (top); at low water, start of flood in river, inward flow in GBC (middle); flood condition in the river, inward flow in the GBC (bottom)
62.Model result: DO of river Hoogly near Pataikhali 1 and 2
63.Model result: BOD of river Hoogly near Pataikhali 1 and 2
64.Photographs taken near the Oil Jetty end of GBC
65.Suggestive framework for PPM in India