Page 8 - Turning Trash to Treasure: Development of Waste-to-Energy Technologies
P. 8
The Concept and the Solid Waste (MSW) in the developing within a specific facility that has been
Technologies countries is to process non-recyclable built for this purpose. The primary goal
of this option is to reduce MSW volume
but biodegradable waste to produce
The development of waste-to-energy biogas and use it for thermal or electrical and mass and also make it chemically
market emerged as the perfect solution application. A recent development inert in a combustion process without
to the sustainable management of is also to enrich biogas to produce the need of additional fuel.
large quantities of waste, creating compressed natural gas equivalent and As a side product it also enables
opportunities through several different use it as fuel for industrial or transport recovery of energy, minerals, and metals
drivers. These included the growing applications. The added by-product of from the waste stream. The reaction
use of renewable energy resources, process is stabilized waste which can temperature is between 850 ºC and
increasing amounts of waste generation be either used as soil conditioner or 1450 ºC, and the combustion process
globally, waste management regulations, manure. takes place in the gas and solid phase,
taxes and subsidies, climate change simultaneously releasing heat energy.
policies to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) Thermochemical Conversion During incineration, exhaust gases
emissions, technological advancements, As far as the thermal route of waste are created which after cleaning,
new financing opportunities, processing is concerned, the aim is exit into the atmosphere via a pipe
environmental degradation due to poor to process non-biodegradable, non- or channel known as flue gas. These
waste management practices, circular recyclable organic waste by combustion flue gases contain the majority of the
economy, green business models, to produce heat and power. Though available fuel energy as heat, as well
industrial symbiosis (companies that generally there is significant reduction as dust and gaseous air pollutants
work in partnerships to share resources), in waste volume, leading to diversion which must be removed via a flue gas
and the improved public perception of of waste from the landfills, the residue purification process. Excess heat from
waste to energy. generated in the process may often combustion can be used to make steam
Figure 1 summarizes the list of contain toxic constituents and has to be for electricity generation and carry out
waste-to-energy technologies which managed accordingly. district heating/cooling or steam supply
have worked elsewhere and have for the nearby process industry.
the potential to work in the Indian Incineration There are always about 25% residues
context. The waste to energy option Municipal solid waste incineration is the from incineration in the form of slag
in the context of managing Municipal burning of waste in a controlled process (bottom ash) and fly ash. Bottom ash is
Landfill Gas
Landfilling
Collecon
MSW at
Households or Collecon of Incineraon
collecon Ponints mixed MSW
Refuse Derived
Fuel (RDF)
C0-Processing
Specific Waste Pyrolysis / Secure Landfilling
Fracons Gasificaon of Residues
Separae Landfilling
collecon of Inert Material
Separaon at Recyclables & Separaon Mechanical Treatment Biological Treatment
Source Recycling
household
hazardous waste Plasc, Paper,
Metal etc.
Anaerobic
Digeson
Organic Wet
Fracon Compost
Hazardous Waste Further Treatment
Figure 1: Suggested waste flows and applicable waste-to-energy options
Source: GIZ
July–September 2018 14 energy future
Technologies countries is to process non-recyclable built for this purpose. The primary goal
of this option is to reduce MSW volume
but biodegradable waste to produce
The development of waste-to-energy biogas and use it for thermal or electrical and mass and also make it chemically
market emerged as the perfect solution application. A recent development inert in a combustion process without
to the sustainable management of is also to enrich biogas to produce the need of additional fuel.
large quantities of waste, creating compressed natural gas equivalent and As a side product it also enables
opportunities through several different use it as fuel for industrial or transport recovery of energy, minerals, and metals
drivers. These included the growing applications. The added by-product of from the waste stream. The reaction
use of renewable energy resources, process is stabilized waste which can temperature is between 850 ºC and
increasing amounts of waste generation be either used as soil conditioner or 1450 ºC, and the combustion process
globally, waste management regulations, manure. takes place in the gas and solid phase,
taxes and subsidies, climate change simultaneously releasing heat energy.
policies to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) Thermochemical Conversion During incineration, exhaust gases
emissions, technological advancements, As far as the thermal route of waste are created which after cleaning,
new financing opportunities, processing is concerned, the aim is exit into the atmosphere via a pipe
environmental degradation due to poor to process non-biodegradable, non- or channel known as flue gas. These
waste management practices, circular recyclable organic waste by combustion flue gases contain the majority of the
economy, green business models, to produce heat and power. Though available fuel energy as heat, as well
industrial symbiosis (companies that generally there is significant reduction as dust and gaseous air pollutants
work in partnerships to share resources), in waste volume, leading to diversion which must be removed via a flue gas
and the improved public perception of of waste from the landfills, the residue purification process. Excess heat from
waste to energy. generated in the process may often combustion can be used to make steam
Figure 1 summarizes the list of contain toxic constituents and has to be for electricity generation and carry out
waste-to-energy technologies which managed accordingly. district heating/cooling or steam supply
have worked elsewhere and have for the nearby process industry.
the potential to work in the Indian Incineration There are always about 25% residues
context. The waste to energy option Municipal solid waste incineration is the from incineration in the form of slag
in the context of managing Municipal burning of waste in a controlled process (bottom ash) and fly ash. Bottom ash is
Landfill Gas
Landfilling
Collecon
MSW at
Households or Collecon of Incineraon
collecon Ponints mixed MSW
Refuse Derived
Fuel (RDF)
C0-Processing
Specific Waste Pyrolysis / Secure Landfilling
Fracons Gasificaon of Residues
Separae Landfilling
collecon of Inert Material
Separaon at Recyclables & Separaon Mechanical Treatment Biological Treatment
Source Recycling
household
hazardous waste Plasc, Paper,
Metal etc.
Anaerobic
Digeson
Organic Wet
Fracon Compost
Hazardous Waste Further Treatment
Figure 1: Suggested waste flows and applicable waste-to-energy options
Source: GIZ
July–September 2018 14 energy future
