With the rapid advancement of mobile technologies, libraries are shifting from traditional to mobile-based services, creating the mobile library concept. This facilitates real-time information delivery, mobile reference services, and the sharing of digital data accessible on mobile devices worldwide. Mobile applications have become an innovative platform for accessing and discovering information resources via smartphones, tablets, iPads, and notebooks. Al-Qarni (2016) outlines the requirements for integrating smartphones into library services, emphasizing planning, technical components, budgeting, implementation phases, and evaluating user feedback.

Modern libraries use mobile and QR code technologies to deliver information services 24×7. Efforts by librarians in IIT libraries have led to the development of mobile apps, responsive websites, mobile online public access catalogue (MoPAC), mobile databases, and SMS services to provide instant information access. Advanced mobile technology features have enabled the design and development of mobile library apps, databases, real-time chatting services, ask-a-librarian, and QR code-enabled services to meet user needs efficiently. These technologies enhance library services and improve user engagement, maximizing the return on investment (RoI).

Al-Qarni, D. 2016. Mobile phone technical applications provide information services in Saudi university libraries and Arab universities. Journal Archives, Documentation and Information, 35 Tunisia: Founder Study Tamimi for Scientific Research and Information

Buarki, H. J. and S. A. 2019. Anytime, anywhere access to information resources: a case study from Kuwait. Library Hi Tech News 36 (7): 20–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-08-2019-0049

Chaputula, A. H. and S. Mutula. 2018. Provision of library and information services through mobile phones in public university libraries in Malawi. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication 67 (1/2): 52–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-05-2017-0048

Dei, D.-G. J. 2020. Assessing adoption and implementation of mobile technology-based library services in academic libraries. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 9 (3): 1669–1677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee. C8305.019320

Dinazzah A. and R. Rahmi. 2022. Mobile library application in Indonesia’s digital libraries. Journal of Education Technology 6 (1): 149–155. Details available at <https://ejournal.undiksha. ac.id/index.php/JET>

Duncan, A.S.P. 2021. A library at the touch of a fingertip: An analysis of mobile library services at the University of the West Indies, Mona campus. Library Hi Tech News 38 (1): 14–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-06-2020-0059

Guo, Y., A. H. C. Lam, D. K. W. Chiu, K. K. W. Ho. 2022. Perceived quality of reference service with WhatsApp. Information Technology and Libraries 41 (3): 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v41i3.14325

Jakati, S. C. and G. K. Kumar. 2022. Mobile applications in libraries for delivering information resources and services. International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management 1 (1): 56–59

Liu, Y. Q. and S. Lewis. 2023. Services to mobile users: the best practice from the top-visited public libraries in the US. Information Technology and Libraries
42 (1): 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v42i1.15143

Nasir, N. 2020. Malaysian libraries, librarians and library associations response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Obinyan, O.O. 2020. Application of mobile technologies in library service delivery. In: Handbook of Research on Digital Devices for Inclusivity and Engagement in Libraries, IGI Global, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9034-7.ch019

Pareek, S. 2024. QR codes making smart and effective library services: a case study. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 44 (3): 168–175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14429/djlit.44.03.19801

Sambo, A. S.,  A. M. Lawal, and K. Helen. 2021. The use of smart phones for information seeking by undergraduate students in Nigerian Specialized University. Library Philosophy and Practice, pp. 1–17. Details available at <https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/5085/>

Shehu, A. B. and S. I. Idakwo. 2020. Mobile technologies in Nigerian academic-based library Services application, challenges, and prospects. Munich, GRIN Verlag. Details available at <https://www.grin.com/document/539471>

Tella, A., K. Olawuyi, and O. O. Durodolu. 2021. Undergraduates’ use of smartphones for accessing libraries in South-west Nigeria. Journal of Educators Online 18: 1–18

Details available at <www.researchgate.net/publication/352002738_Undergraduates’_use_of_smartphones_for_accessing_library_materials_and_services_in_selected_academic_libraries_in_south-west_Nigeria/ link/60b5147da6fdcc476bda61bb/download>

Yi, Y. J., B.Hwang, and D. Kim. 2022. A model for mobile curation services in academic libraries. The Electronic Library 40 (1/2): 99–117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-09-2021-0178

This study reveals that first-generation IIT libraries are yet to adopt mobile applications for on-the-go library services fully. However, the IIT Delhi library incorporates the most mobile technology features, offering a wide range of mobile-based library services on users’ mobile devices 24×7. By embracing and implementing mobile technologies, all studied libraries are actively working to improve mobile-based library services to meet users’ immediate information needs.

The study highlights the benefits of a user-friendly interface, time-saving features, 24×7 information access, personalized services, and other mobile-based library services for library staff and users. It also identifies significant challenges hindering mobile library services’ successful adoption and implementation. Key challenges include mobile technology infrastructure, policy frameworks, support from institutions and authorities, training for library staff, and necessary funding.

The authors note that these factors motivate librarians and staff to adopt and implement mobile-based library services. Effective adoption and implementation can enhance user engagement, improve return on investment, and save time within the libraries. The study suggests a few recommendations for the effective implementation of mobile technology:
(i) develop dedicated mobile library apps for efficient service delivery, (ii) invest in advanced technical infrastructure, (iii) regular training sessions should be conducted for library staff, (iv) develop user-friendly mobile interfaces for enhanced accessibility, and (v) implement robust policy frameworks to support mobile technology integration in libraries.

The high percentage of libraries equipped with Wi-Fi and mobile devices demonstrates a solid commitment to providing access to digital and mobile services. However, the lower percentage of libraries with independent servers and mobile library apps indicates areas where further development and investment are needed.

The complete adoption of Wi-Fi and the availability of mobile devices reflect an awareness of the importance of connectivity and mobile accessibility in enhancing user experience and service delivery in libraries. Independent servers in 80% of the libraries show a substantial infrastructure backbone. This is essential for maintaining and managing the growing volume of digital content and services. Twenty per cent of libraries with independent servers may need help managing their digital resources.

Forty per cent adoption rate for mobile library apps highlights a significant opportunity for growth. Dedicated mobile apps can provide users convenient access to library services such as catalogue searches, account management, and digital resources. Increasing the development and implementation of such apps could greatly enhance user engagement and satisfaction.

While the foundational infrastructure for mobile technology is robust in the first-generation IIT libraries, there is a clear need for further advancement in specific areas such as independent servers and mobile library applications. Addressing these gaps can significantly enhance the effectiveness of mobile library services, ensuring that users can access and benefit from a full range of digital library resources and services. This requires strategic planning, investment in technology, and capacity building among library staff to fully realize the potential of mobile technologies in library services.

Dei (2020); Jakati and Kumar (2022); and Liu and Lewis (2023) highlighted the similar findings that sufficient mobile technology infrastructures such as Wi-Fi internet connectivity, mobile devices (smartphones, laptops, iPads, tablets, and PDAs), library data server and mobile apps are essential needs for libraries to provide the mobile library services to the library users on their mobile devices.

The universal use of smartphones and laptops indicates that these devices are essential tools for librarians (Table 2). Smartphones provide quick access to communication and information, while laptops support more extensive tasks such as research, document creation, and data management. The high adoption rate of tablets/iPads suggests their effectiveness in bridging the gap between smartphones and laptops. Their larger screens and versatile functionalities make them ideal for various library activities, from accessing digital collections to conducting presentations. The usage of e-book readers by 60% of librarians highlights the importance of dedicated reading devices in supporting the consumption and management of digital texts. These devices enhance the reading experience and are particularly useful for librarians who frequently engage with digital publications.

The lower adoption rate of PDAs indicates that while they are not as widely used as other devices, they still serve specific purposes within the library setting. Their portability and specialized features can be valuable for particular tasks. The adoption of mobile devices among librarians in first-generation IIT libraries demonstrates a well-rounded integration of technology that supports various aspects of library services. The widespread use of smartphones and laptops underscores their importance in daily operations. At the same time, the significant adoption of tablets/iPads and e-book readers reflects the diverse needs of librarians in managing and accessing digital resources. PDAs, though less common, indicate a tailored use for specific tasks. Overall, this diverse range of devices enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of library services, contributing to better resource management and improved user experiences. Respondents indicated the types of mobile devices used, showing high adoption of smartphones and laptops (100%), followed by tablets/iPads (80%), e-book readers (60%), and PDAs (40%).

The data in Table 3 shows a robust integration of mobile services in first-generation IIT libraries. The high adoption services (100%) include the universal provision of mobile database/e-journal searches, MoPAC, and SMS notifications, which signifies the essential nature of these services in supporting library operations and user needs. These services ensure users can efficiently search for and access resources, stay informed about library activities, and manage their accounts.

The moderate adoption services (80%) include the high adoption of mobile-responsive websites, QR code services, and virtual tour guides, reflecting an understanding of the importance of mobile-friendly interfaces and interactive tools in enhancing user engagement and accessibility.

The intermediate adoption services include the services provided by 60% of the libraries that cover a broad range of functionalities, indicating a comprehensive approach to mobile service delivery. These include traditional library operations such as book circulation, user support through ask-a-librarian, and accessibility services for persons with disabilities.

The lower adoption services (40%) include the relatively lower adoption rates for QR code payment services, news/events alerts, and library maps/directions, which suggest opportunities for further enhancement. These services could significantly improve user convenience and engagement.

There are gaps in services (20% and 0%), including the minimal presence of mobile printing services and the absence of mobile location-awareness features highlight areas for potential growth. Implementing these services could address user needs for more advanced mobile functionalities.

Adopting mobile application-based services in first-generation IIT libraries demonstrates a substantial commitment to leveraging technology to enhance library services. While there is robust implementation in several key areas, there are also significant opportunities for growth, particularly in advanced mobile functionalities and user convenience services. Libraries should focus on expanding their range of mobile services to ensure comprehensive support for all user needs and to stay aligned with technological advancements.

As per Dei (2020) adoption of mobile devices and mobile technology-based library services by libraries is amongst the future trends. He found that a strong awareness and appreciation of m-tech based library services among the students and library staff should be in libraries and library staff must be interested to delivery of mobile e-journals and academic databases searching, mobile-accessible institutional repositories, circulation services (book reservation/renew borrowed library books), MoPAC, mobile instructions and guides, document delivery service (file sharing), SMS notifications, mobile reference inquiry services, and 24×7 access of library e-resources

Table 4 illustrates how different social media platforms enhance library services and outreach. Facebook's high usage (80%) highlights its role as a versatile platform for user engagement. Libraries leverage Facebook to post updates, interact with users, promote events, and share multimedia content, which helps build a robust online community.

The adoption of LinkedIn and Twitter by 60% of libraries indicates their importance for professional networking and real-time communication. LinkedIn helps connect with professionals and share scholarly activities, while Twitter is effective for timely updates, announcements, and engaging discussions.

The moderate use of YouTube with 40% suggests that while video content is valuable, fewer libraries have the resources or capacity to produce and manage video content consistently. However, YouTube remains a powerful tool for providing instructional content and showcasing library services.

The minimal use of Flickr, with 20%, points to a lower priority on image-centric platforms than those that support a mix of content types. While Flickr is useful for sharing high-quality images, its niche focus makes it less essential than more versatile platforms.

The social media engagement of first-generation IIT libraries demonstrates a targeted approach to enhancing library services and user interaction. Facebook is the most widely adopted platform, indicating its significant role in library outreach and community building. LinkedIn and Twitter are also critical platforms for professional engagement and real-time communication. While fewer libraries use YouTube, it offers valuable opportunities for video-based content sharing. Flickr's minimal usage suggests that libraries prioritize platforms with broader functionality over those focused solely on visual content. Overall, expanding the use of underutilized platforms like YouTube and exploring innovative content strategies can further enhance libraries' online presence and user engagement.

The data in Table 5 underscores the broad range of benefits associated with mobile application adoption in first-generation IIT libraries, particularly regarding accessibility, efficiency, and user engagement. The universal agreement on the need for a user-friendly interface highlights the importance of ease of use in mobile applications, ensuring users can navigate and utilize services efficiently. Both staff and users benefit from the time-saving aspects of mobile applications, which streamline processes and reduce the time required for various tasks. Accessibility of 24×7 to library e-resources is crucial for users who need information anytime, reflecting the shift towards more flexible and accessible library services. Accessing information quickly and ubiquitously is essential in supporting academic and research activities. Providing users with limitless access to resources ensures they can explore and utilize a wide range of materials without restrictions.

Tailoring services to individual needs (personalized services) enhances user satisfaction and engagement, making the library experience more relevant and impactful. Encouraging patrons to engage with new technologies fosters a tech-savvy user base and keeps the library aligned with modern technological trends. Mobile applications can promote reading by making it easier for users to access and read digital materials, supporting literacy and learning.

The moderate adoption benefits include the adoption of mobile applications that can enhance the library's image as a modern, innovative institution. Enhanced RoI in mobile technology can yield significant returns by improving service efficiency and user satisfaction.

On the other hand, lower adoption benefits include integration with different technologies. The lower recognition of this benefit suggests that libraries must focus more on integrating mobile applications with other existing technologies to create a seamless user experience. Mobile tagging and location awareness advanced features are less commonly adopted but offer the potential for further enhancing user interaction and convenience.

Adopting mobile applications in first-generation IIT libraries brings many benefits, enhancing accessibility, efficiency, and user engagement. While foundational benefits like user-friendly interfaces and 24×7 accessibility are universally recognized, there are opportunities to explore further advanced features such as technology integration, mobile tagging, and location awareness. Focusing on these areas can help libraries maximize mobile technologies' potential and improve their services and user satisfaction.

These advantages are similarly supported by the studies Obinyan (2020); Tella, Olawuyi, and Durodolu (2021) include user friendly interface, personalized service, time saving, user participation, location awareness, limitless access, 24×7 information access, encourage reading habit, and access to print-disabled user

The data in Table 6 reveals a comprehensive set of challenges that first-generation IIT libraries face in adopting mobile applications, spanning policy, security, infrastructures, and human resource issues. Policy framework and security concerns are high-frequency challenges with 80%. The lack of a policy framework and significant concerns over data security and privacy are critical issues that must be addressed to ensure a structured and secure implementation of mobile applications. Establishing clear policies and robust security measures is essential for protecting user data and gaining user trust.

Human resources and infrastructures are moderately frequent challenges, with 60% weightage. Challenges are chiefly related to poor staff strength, insufficient support from authorities, the need for technological upgrades, and low internet bandwidth highlight libraries' multifaceted barriers. Addressing these issues requires institutional commitment, investment in technology, and efforts to build a stronger workforce.

Professional development and infrastructures are challenges with a lower frequency of 40%. The need for better ICT infrastructures, training courses, and skilled staff underscores the importance of continuous professional development and investment in modern infrastructure to support mobile technologies.

User engagement and accessibility are minimal frequency challenges with 20%. While less frequently cited, challenges such as user adoption, financial constraints, the lack of compulsion and monitoring for app usage, health issues, and accessibility for persons with disabilities are still significant. Addressing these issues involves creating engaging and user-friendly applications, ensuring adequate funding, monitoring usage effectively, considering the health impacts of screen time, and making services accessible to all users.

These identified challenges are found similar in previous studies Chaputula and Mutula (2018); Dei (2020); Liu and Lewis (2023) for implementation of mobile applications in libraries include poor internet bandwidth, lack of support from the university management, lack of a policy framework for the adoption of m-tech, and financial constraints.

The adoption of mobile applications in first-generation IIT libraries faces several significant challenges. Addressing high-frequency issues, such as the lack of a policy framework and data security concerns, is critical for successful implementation. Equally important are the moderate-frequency challenges related to human resources, institutional support, technological upgrades, and internet bandwidth, which require a concerted effort from library authorities and institutions.

Additionally, ongoing professional development, investment in ICT infrastructures, and efforts to engage users and ensure accessibility are crucial for overcoming lower-frequency challenges. By addressing these barriers comprehensively, libraries can enhance their services through mobile applications and better meet the needs of their users in the digital age.

Challenges in adopting mobile applications for libraries include poor internet bandwidth, lack of technical skills, financial constraints, resistance to technology adoption, and inadequate policy frameworks. Table 6 highlights various issues, from policy and security concerns to infrastructures and staff capabilities, that affect the full integration of mobile technologies in the libraries studied.

Table 6 reveals the need for a policy framework for mobile applications. Four respondents (80%) identified this as a significant challenge. With clear policies, the adoption and implementation of mobile applications can be consistent and coordinated.

Data security and privacy concerns: Also noted by 80% of respondents, these concerns are crucial as they affect user trust and regulation compliance.

Poor staff strength, institute/authorities support, technology upgradations, and low internet bandwidth: These challenges were noted by 60% of respondents, indicating significant barriers related to human resources, institutional support, technological readiness, and infrastructure quality.

Insufficient ICT infrastructures, lack of training courses, and lack of skilled library staff: These were reported by 40% of respondents, highlighting gaps in infrastructure and professional development that need to be addressed to support mobile application adoption.

User adoption and engagement, financial constraints, no compulsion to adopt mobile apps and monitoring, health issues, and ensuring accessibility for persons with disabilities: Only 20% of respondents noted each of these challenges. While they are less frequently mentioned, they still represent important areas for improvement.

Mobile applications offer several benefits, including increased user engagement, round-the-clock access to library services, efficient information retrieval, enhanced communication between libraries and users, and cost-effectiveness. Table 5 establishes how mobile technologies improve library services, boost user engagement, and enhance operational efficiency in the libraries studied.

All respondents (100%) agreed on the benefits of a user-friendly interface, time-saving for staff and users, 24×7 accessibility to e-resources, timely access to information, and limitless access. These benefits are foundational and critical to enhancing library services’ effectiveness and efficiency. Personalized services, engagement with new technologies, and encouraging reading habits are recognized by 80% of respondents as significant benefits. These aspects highlight the role of mobile applications in tailoring services to individual needs, fostering technology adoption among patrons, and promoting reading.

Improving the library’s image and enhancing return on investment (RoI) are acknowledged by 60% of respondents. These benefits reflect the positive impact of mobile applications on the library’s reputation and financial efficiency.

Forty per cent of respondents noted integration with other technologies, while mobile tagging and location awareness were recognized by only 20%. These lower percentages indicate where libraries could further explore and integrate advanced mobile functionalities.

The IIT libraries have established social media accounts on various platforms and adopted mobile applications to engage with users on their mobile devices. Table 4 showcases a diverse yet strategic approach to social media use among first-generation IIT libraries, underscoring the significance of online engagement in contemporary library services.

Table 4 reveals that four of five libraries (80%) actively use Facebook. This high-adoption rate indicates the platform’s effectiveness in engaging with users, sharing updates, promoting events, and building a community around library services. Three libraries (60%) utilize LinkedIn and Twitter (X). LinkedIn’s professional network helps connect with academic peers and share research and professional development, while Twitter is effective for real-time updates, quick communication, and engaging a broader audience.

Two libraries (40%) have a presence on YouTube. This platform is beneficial for sharing video content such as tutorials, virtual tours, recorded lectures, and promotional videos, which can enhance user engagement and provide valuable resources.

Only one library (20%) uses Flickr primarily to share images. This lower adoption rate suggests that while visual content is essential, libraries may prioritize other platforms with broader or more interactive reach.

The first-generation IIT libraries have robust integration of mobile technologies into their service offerings, particularly in database access, mobile catalogue management, and communication through SMS notifications, which are crucial for successfully implementing mobile application-based library services. Table 3
gives the diversity and prevalence of various mobile-enabled library services.

Table 3 reveals that all libraries provide mobile database/e-journal searching services, MoPAC, and SMS notifications, reflecting their commitment to enhancing accessibility and communication with users.

Four of five libraries have mobile-responsive websites, QR code services for library resources, and library instruction guides and virtual tours. This shows a strong adoption of mobile-friendly interfaces and innovative services to enhance user experience.

A significant number of libraries (60%) offer document delivery services, ask-a-librarian services, mobile reference services, circulation services, new arrivals services, library hours, my library login, current awareness services, and services for persons with disabilities services, indicating their efforts to provide comprehensive support and resources through mobile platforms.

Less than half of the libraries offer QR code services for paying library dues, news/events alerts, library maps/directions services, suggesting areas where further development and implementation could be beneficial.

Only one library provides mobile printing services, and none offers mobile location awareness, highlighting potential gaps in the range of mobile services.

Table 2 illustrates a strong adoption of various mobile devices among librarians and the extent of mobile technology usage within these libraries, reflecting a broad integration of mobile technology into their daily workflows.

Table 2 presents all surveyed librarians (100%) who use smartphones. This indicates that smartphones are ubiquitous among library staff, enabling them to access information and perform library-related tasks on the go. Similarly, all librarians reported using laptops, reflecting their need for more complex tasks requiring larger screens and more computing power than smartphones.

Four of the five respondents (80%) use tablets or iPads. These devices balance portability and screen size, making them useful for reading, accessing digital resources, and managing library services.

Three librarians (60%) use e-book readers. These devices are specifically designed for reading digital books and documents, suggesting their importance in managing and consuming library e-resources.

Two librarians (40%) use personal digital assistants (PDAs). Although PDAs are less common than other devices, they still play a role in specific library tasks that benefit from their portability and specialized functions.

The analysis of the mobile technology infrastructures in first-generation IIT libraries is the foundation for the state of technological adoption to enhance library services. Table 1 provides insights into the availability and usage of various technological resources in studied libraries.

Table 1 reveals that all surveyed libraries (100%) have Wi-Fi facilities available. This suggests a robust foundational infrastructure that supports mobile connectivity and access to digital resources, which is critical for modern library services. Similarly, all libraries reported the availability of mobile devices. This indicates that libraries have the necessary hardware to support mobile-based library services, ensuring that librarians and users can leverage mobile technology for information access and communication.

Four of the five libraries (80%) have independent library servers. Independent servers are crucial for managing digital resources and ensuring the smooth operation of various library services, including digital catalogues, databases, and other online resources.

Only two libraries (40%) have developed dedicated mobile library applications. This relatively low-adoption rate suggests that while there is a recognition of the importance of mobile apps, there may be barriers, such as technical expertise, funding, or prioritization issues, that must be addressed.

The primary objective of the study being discussed was to investigate the current status of mobile technology infrastructures in first-generation IITs in India. Other objectives include the following:

(i)     Investigating mobile library services in select IIT libraries

(ii)    Determining the use of social media applications to interact with users and enhance services

(iii)   Identifying the benefits and challenges of adopting mobile applications

Advancements in mobile technologies and applications are creating daily opportunities to enhance library services, allowing libraries to meet the immediate needs of their users. Mobile applications enable library professionals to offer real-time information services, including Wi-Fi internet access, instant messaging, book reservation/renewal, current awareness services, Ask-a-librarian, MoPAC searching, e-journal and database access, mobile reference services, QR code payments for library dues, document delivery (file sharing), and mobile printing services, accessible on users’ mobile devices anytime and anywhere.

Present-day library users increasingly demand e-information services accessible on their mobile devices anytime and anywhere. Library users can now access information on their mobile devices according to their needs, wherever they are. The IIT libraries have robust tools to provide information quickly through various mobile-based applications. The use of these applications by LIS professionals benefits users by meeting their need for instant information. In the mobile world, libraries, and information centres can enhance their service delivery over various networks through m-tech platforms.

There is a gap in the rapid expansion of mobile technologies that have transformed information delivery from print to digital services in first-generation IIT libraries in India. This study addresses that gap by providing LIS professionals and authorities with practical approaches for adopting mobile technologies in libraries, enabling the seamless dissemination of resources and services to users’ mobile devices. It explores librarians’ perceptions of adopting mobile applications in IIT libraries to improve services and instantly meet user information needs on mobile devices.

Buarki and Dar (2019) examined the needs of academic library users for mobile app-based services and the libraries’ ability to offer services ‘on the go’. As smartphones, tablets, and e-book readers become mainstream and are widely used in various types of libraries in developed nations, libraries in developing countries like Nigeria should follow suit by adopting and implementing mobile technologies in academic libraries (Shehu and Idakwo 2020). Nasir (2020) noted that academic libraries in Malaysia provide digital services through chat platforms like Library WhatsApp groups. Dei (2020) revealed significant awareness, ICT skills, and appreciation for mobile library services among library management, staff, and students. The study also identified challenges such as the need for skilled personnel, institutional policies, infrastructure, and financial constraints in successfully adopting mobile technology-based library services in Ghanaian academic libraries.

Duncan (2021) investigated mobile library services to enhance the usage and effectiveness of library groups and services, offering best practices for implementing mobile services in academic libraries. Sambo, Lawal, and Helen (2021) studied the use of smartphones for information-seeking in Nigerian universities, finding that undergraduate students highly use Apple iOS devices for this purpose. Guo, Lam, Chiu, et al. (2022) evaluated the quality of WhatsApp-based reference services in a primary academic library in Hong Kong, using a questionnaire to explore the relationship between library services and user satisfaction. Jakati and Kumar (2022) examined the benefits of mobile applications in libraries for the instant delivery of information resources and services over mobile networks.

Dinazzah and Rahmi (2022) used a descriptive method to investigate the use of mobile library applications in Indonesia, finding that the libraries are in a progressive stage and use mobile applications to enhance their services. Yi, Barun, and Donghun (2022) presented a model for mobile curation services in academic libraries, discussing developing services like live chat, My Page, and My Log to meet users’ information needs. Liu and Lewis (2023) reviewed the state of real-time mobile library services, highlighting various services that instantly meet users’ information needs. Pareek (2024) demonstrated how quick response (QR) codes in libraries promote resources and services, finding that QR codes create an interactive and engaging library experience, encouraging frequent visits and maximizing resource use.

These studies collectively highlight the role of mobile technologies in managing library resources and services, as well as the instant delivery of information services to users’ mobile devices. Mobile applications in libraries enhance services from good to extraordinary, providing real-time information accessibility to library users worldwide.