Abstract

The article accentuates the information communication tools (ICTs) skills of library and information science (LIS) professionals working in the 74 college libraries affiliated with the University of Delhi. In the present study, the respondents gathered the information through a structured questionnaire using the survey method. The questionnaires were distributed among 196 LIS professionals, and 171 filled-in questionnaires were collected personally and elicited 87.1%. The findings demonstrated that most LIS professionals are deficient regarding skills in burglar systems, electromagnetic security systems (ESS), access control system, quick response (QR) codes, biometric technology, content management systems, reference creation and management, R software in statistical package. On account of semi-professionals, it was revealed that they need to enhance ICT tool skills in digital library software, ESS, QR codes, biometric technology, content management system (CMS), reference management, and statistical software.

The ICT tool skills will be at the centre of the necessary skills and fundamental to advancing learning skills, problem-solving, and critical, innovative, and systemic thinking towards improving their library services. The authors advocate that college libraries have to cross alongside technological adjustments that are taking location to continue to include value to higher learning establishments. It is also necessary to continue constructing LIS professional potential to ensure that they add value to college libraries. The study is noteworthy because it accentuates the ICT tools skills of LIS professionals and helps the University of Delhi authorities include courses for ICT skills in the academic/ professional curriculum, which would help the working LIS professionals to get capable in different ICT skills.

The LIS professionals’ role in information handling and use has become essential to guide users to locate information in the vastly available electronic resources and communication systems. This indicates that LIS with ICT skills are vital for information handling in a library. Skills are fundamental for the accomplishment of goals of the libraries and the vocation improvement of LIS professionals. LIS professionals require various ICT tool skills for library services’ smooth operation, including selecting, implementing, and continually improving an integrated library management system (ILMS) appropriate to the institution’s users’ needs.  Content management system skills are prerequisite to create, edit, publish, organize, retrieve, and maintain digital content. Citation tools create references in different styles and formats to help researchers get the bibliography in their research areas. Barcode, radio frequency identification (RFID), smart card technology, biometric technology, quick response (QR) codes, closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras, burglar system, and access control system ensure the safety of library materials and building. IBM SPSS, Excel, and R Software have proved worth full in analysing data with tabular and graphic output and publication of research papers. Navigational tool enable handling specific reference queries by the users. 

In a digital era, library professionals are responsible for efficient transaction services and act as custodians of material in all forms. An attempt is made in this paper to describe the ICT tools skills for LIS professionals in this study. The ICT tools skills have been divided into seven parts: (i) ILMS skills, (ii) institutional repository skills, (iii) electronic security and surveillance skills, (iv) content management system skills,
(v) citation creation and management skills,
(vi) statistical package skills, and
(vii) navigational tools skills.

This section discusses survey-related literature on ICT tools skills. Many studies exist on the topic, however, only a few important recent studies which deal with the subject are available.  Bajpai and Madhusudhan (2019), “provided an insight to meet the changing needs of users by learning ICT skills/competencies in the digital era. In totality, the results provide emphasis on the necessity of ICT skills for efficient delivery of library services for the betterment of the library as a whole.”  Another study by Gupta and Madhusudhan (2018) “raises awareness of the importance of electromagnetic security systems (ESSs) for the betterment of the libraries and emphasizes the need to implement such
security systems.”

“The skills also include familiarity with an integrated library management system” (AALL 2010).  Gupta and Madhusudhan (2017) revealed that  “electronic security and surveillance systems such as RFID, CCTV, biometric, and burglar alarm help monitor the behaviour, activities, or other changing information, usually of people to influence, manage, directing, or protecting them.”

In a notable study, Kumaran and Sreeja (2017) indicated that “Koha software is more suitable for library automation. The study concluded that Koha is a useful package for creating a database and information retrieval.”  As per Madhusudhan and Singh (2016), “The findings of this paper will not only guide the librarians in the selection of a good ILMS, which can cater to the needs of their libraries but also abreast the knowledge of evaluation of ILMS for the students of library and information science. And the findings will help the ILMS vendors to know the limitations of their ILMS so that they can overcome the limitations faced by users and improve their products.”

 Chanetsa and Ngulube (2016) concluded that “subject librarians must have various skills, including management skills, core/technological skills, pedagogic and search skills and ICT skills, which had to be updated constantly.”

According to study executed by Maceli and Burke (2016), “respondents use email, word processing, web browsers, library catalogues, and library database searching as the technology/skills they regularly use in their job. Makerspace technologies, 3D printers, augmented, and virtual reality were the technologies the survey participants want to learn and are using them currently.  The LIS practitioner’s survey indicates that they are satisfied with the current state of affairs and seem to lack money, time, skills, and a willing library administration.”   In their study, Husain and Nazim, (2015) revealed that “the majority of libraries surveyed have various operations automated. Lack of trained staff in ICT, low level of ICT skills among library users, unawareness of potential benefits of ICT, and inadequate ICT infrastructure are observed as the major constraints in the applications of ICT in academic libraries in India.”

The academic library supports teaching and learning for faculty and students. With the exponential and ever-changing ICT growth, the LIS professionals’ roles have changed in the emerging knowledge-driven society. The challenges posed by the ICT forced the LIS professionals to learn and acquire different kinds of ICT skills and competencies to provide ICT-based services to its users. The ICT-competent and skilled library professionals are the keys to success. With the funding constraints, more and more librarians rely on different technological advances to provide efficient library services to users. LIS professionals use different ICT tools such as installing automation software and integrating RFID technology to automate library operations and services. They must be proficient in the various digital library/digital repository software to manage the electronic resource, especially scanning of documents, creating metadata, optical character recognition (OCR) processing, uploading of documents, knowledge of documents formats, and long-term types of storage media. The electronic surveillance system, CMS, citation creation and management tools, statistical packages, navigational tools have become a significant part of the in the library settings. 

There is a need to assess the level of or competency of LIS professionals and semi-professionals relating to ICT skills in delivering e-services to their users. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study ICT tools skills among LIS professionals and semi-professionals working on studying college libraries to help them handle high-impact changes in the work environment and survival of the most aware and adaptable. Hence, the study is significant because it aims to accentuate the ICT tools, skills, and competencies essential for LIS professionals in general and college librarians, in particular, to find out mechanisms to secure those abilities and issues looked by them in gaining those abilities.

The main objectives of this study are:

To identify LIS professionals  experience and possessing  ICT tool skills and competencies in ILMS and institutional repositories  and for providing digital library services;

To find out LIS professionals’ skills and competencies in the content management system, citation creation and management, and statistical packages, and

To find out LIS professionals’ possessing competencies in electronic security and surveillance and navigational tools.

The study intends to cover the LIS professionals (librarians) and semi-professionals (professional assistants and semi-professional assistants). The present study’s scope is restricted to LIS professionals and semi-professionals working in 74 college libraries affiliated with the University of Delhi. This study’s geographical area was confined to only colleges affiliated with the University of Delhi in Delhi, India.  The researchers visited in person and had interactions with the respondents (librarians, professional assistants, and semi-professional assistants) and circulated structured questionnaires to 196 LIS professionals in studied college libraries. Out of 191, 171 filled-in questionnaires were collected personally and were found valid. Hence, all the 171 questionnaires were included in the data analysis, eliciting a response rate of 87.24%. The answers to 9 questions were presented in the form of tables.

 The work experience contributes to an individual’s career development. Work experience may be used to signal someone’s level of knowledge, skills, and expertise (Table 2). As per Wood, “LIS professionals need to have experience, expertise, and proficiency in traditional, electronic, and transferable skills” (Wood 2007).

Table 2 reveals that the duration of experience; the majority of the respondents, 61 (35.67%), have less than 10 years of experience. Fifty (29.24%) respondents had 11–20 years of experience, 50 (29.24%) of them possessed 21–30 years of experience, and a small group of 10 (5.85%) of them worked more than 30 years and above. In this study, among the respondents, it was found that a large segment of the LIS professionals belonged to the category of below 10 years of experience.

An ILMS is a PC-helped framework that controls and deals with the library catalogue and access to a library’s collection. Li opined, “ILMS is a primary computer system that controls and manages library circulation, acquisition, cataloguing, serials control, and collection over multiple platforms. The most well-known global ILMS include Koha, Libsys, VTLS, and NewGenLib”
(Li, 2009). In the words of Usman and Gopakumar, “Knowledge in the software which is used in the computerized library or digital library is essential for library Professionals” (Usman and Gopakumar 2018). Through ILMS, all the functions and all the library’s routine work are done faster and accurately. A librarian must be proficient in ILMS tools for cataloguing, classification, circulation, and OPAC. Tables 3 and 4 presents the ILMS tools used by LIS professionals.

Table 3 uncovers that most LIS professionals are equipped to utilize the LibSys ILMS in the excellent category, 47%. Forty-three per cent of LIS professionals rated Koha, trailed by Troodon and SOUL 2.0, each with 21.7% in the good category. Forty-five per cent of LIS professionals mentioned that they are destitute in VTLS, followed by NewGenLib with 36%. Overall, there is a need to improve the ILMS abilities in ICT apparatuses additionally.

Table 4 shows that most LIS semi-professionals were skilled in using the LibSys software in excellent and good ratings with 31% and 37%, respectively. NetLib and Toodon were rated by 23% each in the good category. Fifty-two per cent of LIS semi-professionals indicate that they are poor in VTLS and NewGenLib ILMS. Overall there is a need for further improvement in ILMS skills by LIS semi-professionals. 

This current examination’s outcome consents to the discoveries of the investigation directed by Chanetsa and Ngulube (2016), which uncovers that “Librarians were skilled in the use of library management system 69 (57%).” The discoveries of the investigation likewise associate with the investigation by Mathew and Baby (2012), who additionally detailed that “LibSys was also known to 70.8% of the library staff.”

Surprisingly, SOUL 2.0 was familiar with 61.6% of LIS professionals. KOHA open source library software was found to be known to 53.5% of professionals. In contrast to this study, Kattimani and Naik (2014) reported that “329 (88.20%) of the library professionals are not known by LMS software like LibSys.”

“Institutional repository (IR) and digital library are the tools used in libraries for designing digital libraries and accessing information beyond the physical confines of the library” (Ahmad and Rehman 2016). LIS professionals having skills and knowledge in digital library software can manage resources/digital content in electronic format. A five-point rating question was asked the respondents with five choices. Table 5 and 6 present the institutional repository skills by LIS professionals and semi-professionals.

 It is clear from Table 5 that 30% of LIS professionals stated that they have a sound knowledge of DSpace in the good category, followed by GreenStone with 21%. The knowledge about E-prints, Ganesha, and Fedora reflect a fair, weak, and very poor categories, which requires improvement in this area by the LIS professionals.

The majority of LIS professionals indicate that they have a shallow level of expertise in Ganesha and Fedora digital library software, which necessitates skill acquisition. It is surprising to note that no librarian has rated Ganesha digital library software in the excellent category. It is visible from the table figures that the respondent’s skill in institutional repository is meagre. Not many libraries have made IR with the utilization of digital library software insect. This might be the explanation behind the low degree of mindfulness about this software amongst the LIS professionals.

Table 6 reveals that only 13% of LIS semi-professionals rated themselves excellent in dealing with DSpace.  Twenty-one per cent have rated themselves good in dealing with Dspace, followed by E-prints with 13.7%. About 40.3% of LIS semi-professionals stated that they have low expertise in the Ganesha, Fedora, E-prints, Greenstone, and Dspace. The knowledge about E-prints, Ganesha, and Fedora reflects between fair, poor, and very poor categories, which necessitate improvement in this area by the LIS semi-professionals. Excellent category was realized by only one respondent each in the usage of Ganesha and Fedora library software.

This current examination’s outcome consents to the discoveries of the investigation directed by Ahmad and Rehman (2016) that stated “librarians possessed limited knowledge of Greenstone, DSpace, and E-Prints, while they possessed no knowledge of Fedora or any other digital library software.”  In contrast, Kattimani and Naik (2014) revealed that “the majority of the library Professionals (95.31%) do not know the digitization process.” Furthermore, Arokyamary (2015) also revealed that “LIS professionals lack skills in creating Institutional Repositories.”

Electronic security system devices are used to secure library materials from theft and mutilation. They are used for library materials’ security and services. Barcode, RFID, smart card technology, biometric technology, QR codes, CCTV, ESS, burglar system, and access control system are different components of electronic security and surveillance used to secure library materials and resources. “Surveillance is the monitoring behaviour, activities, or other changing information, usually of people to influence, manage, direct, or protect. This can include observation from a distance using electronic equipment (such as CCTV camera), or interception of electronically transmitted information (such as internet traffic or phone calls),” reported Gupta and Madhusudhan (2018). Tables 7 and 8 present electronic security and surveillance by LIS professionals and semi-professionals, respectively.

Table 7 reveals that 72.3% of LIS professionals have a very high level of expert knowledge on RFID, followed by CCTV with 46.8%. RFID tops the list in good ratings with 31.9%. Nearly 38.2% of LIS professionals stated that they have little knowledge in the burglar system and low level of skill in the electronic magnetic system and access control system. One-fourth of respondents have mentioned that their skills in biometric technology is meagre. The poor and very poor categories in ESS, burglar system, access control system, biometric technology indicate that LIS professionals familiarity has been comparatively low in these areas and thus needs improvements.

Table 8 reveals that 54% of LIS semi-professionals rated barcode as good while and 41.1% has rated barcode under excellent category. Thirty-three per cent and 31.4% have rated CCTV in good and excellent ratings, respectively. About 27.4% have rated RFID in good ratings. Overall, the LIS semi-professionals’ familiarity has been comparatively low in electronic security and surveillance, shown in the poor and very poor categories, respectively. The very poor category reflects that LIS semi-professionals are not competent in the burglar system with 47.5%, access control system with 44%, QR codes with 34%, and ESS with 32%, smart card technology with 30%, and biometric technology with 29%.

In contrast to this study findings, Kattimani and Naik (2014) reported that “only a few (10.72%) have competence in the RFID implementation.” Another study by Mathew and Baby (2012) also reported that “RFID technology was the least familiar and least used among library professionals with 10.3%. The study further revealed that 39.5% of the professionals had not used RFID technologies, and 24.9% are unaware of it.”

“CMS is the process of using software to design, implement, modify, and store a website’s content such as text, images, and audio/ video files. As web-based resources and services have proliferated, LIS professionals have skills in various content management software to be able to design, develop, enhance, integrate, manage and support a user-friendly website for faculty, students, and other community users”  (Li 2009). “A CMS is an interface that allows users to publish content directly to the Web. Adding content pages directly to the Web is one step ahead of creating and uploading pages from a local machine because it allows a large number of people to add and share the data remotely” (Technopedia 2019). “CMS has become one of the favourite applications of libraries as it helps in the preservation, storage, and retrieval of ever-growing digital resources in a web environment without the complexity of programming” (Usman and Gopakumar 2018). A five-point rating question was asked to the respondents with four choices to rate, and answers are depicted in Tables 9 and 10. 

Table 9 concludes that only three respondents rated themselves as excellent in Joomla, and two respondents in the Drupal CMS. Nineteen per cent of respondents expressed that they are good at Drupal, trails by Joomla with 9%. PHP Nuke, Typo 3 top the list under the very poor category with 57% each, followed by Joomla with 34%, and Drupal with 32%. There is a need for improvement in these skills for LIS professionals as the situation is not very encouraging. No respondents have rated Typo 3 and PHP Nuke in the excellent category. It can be observed from Table 10 that LIS professionals’ skills in CMS are low and hence need improvements in this area.

Table 10 presents that only eight respondents were excellent in Drupal CMS, and seven respondents in Joomla. Drupal leads list in the good category, with 13.7%, followed by Joomla with 18%. PHP Nuke tops the list in the very poor category, with 55%, followed by Typo 3 with 53.2%. The poor and very poor categories showed that LIS semi-professionals need improvement as the situation is not good.

Howard (2010) found that “under discipline-specific knowledge, practitioners selected content management system as highly desirable and desirable skill with 30% and 59%, respectively.” In contrast to this study, Farahi and Ramesh Gandhi (2011) reported that “no Indian was an expert in Joomla and Drupal,” which is not similar to this study. 

Citations allow the researchers and LIS professionals “to easily insert references from the library document, change citation style, and generate a bibliography without leaving it” (Madhusudhan 2016).  The librarians must have knowledge and skills in citation creation and management tools to facilitate their researchers’ and scholars’ research discovery and workflow. The accompanying table speaks to library professionals’ citation skills of college libraries associated with the University of Delhi.  Numerous citation creation and management tools are available for use both free and on subscription. However, in this study, six selected citation management tools are provided to respondents to rate their skills. Tables 11 and 12 portray the citation creation and management skills by LIS professionals and semi-professionals, respectively.

It is clear from Table 11 that only a few LIS professionals have a high level of expertise in citation creation and management tools. Only 27.7% of LIS professionals have rated EndNote with good ratings, followed by Mendeley with 25.5% and EasyBib with 23.4%. However, most respondents stated to have an abysmal level of expertise in EasyBib, Zotero, and RefWorks.

Sills in citation creation and management tools are essential for the LIS professionals because “a citation is a way of giving credit to the work of a person one has referred. In academic writing, citations are distributed across the article, starting from the introduction to the article’s conclusion. The creation of citation is a cumbersome process for the researchers as they need to know the rules for citing sources as per the approved citation style. Online citation creation has eased up the researcher’s efforts for citation creation as they can do so without remembering and consulting the rules of the recommended citation style” (Misao and Madhusudhan 2017).

The data given in Table 12 reveals that only a few LIS semi-professionals have rated excellent in each category. Less than 10% of LIS semi-professionals have rated excellent in each category. About 22.6% of LIS semi-professionals have rated EndNote and EasyBib with good ratings, followed by Mendeley with 16.9% and RefWorks and Zotero with 14.5%.

More than 30% of the respondents in each of the choices indicate that they have a low level of expertise in citation management tools. Citation creation and management tools skills are essential for the LIS semi-professionals because understanding the features/functions of online citation creation and management tools helps the LIS semi-professionals successfully utilize online reference instruments to improve the reference competencies. This study’s result is not consistent with the studies conducted by various authors, for instance, Chanetsa and Ngulube (2016), which revealed that ‘librarians possessed strong skills in Citation with 67.8%’. Mishra (2019) reported that ‘working library professionals are competent in citation management tools with 53 (72.9%)’.

Measurements are many strategies to remove valuable data from information records, here and there supporting a choice and an essential aspect of a cycle in which we gather, describe, and conclude from data. Saravanavel opined, “Today, no study can be carried out without the help of statistics. The results can be presented in a concise and precise language, and complex and complicated problems can be studied in a straightforward way” (Saravanavel 2013). “For LIS professionals, as in many other professions, statistics is not a favourite subject, yet it is unavoidable. Today, evidence-based librarianship demands that a librarian be acquainted with statistical methods to appropriately conduct statistical analysis to make inferences and supporting decisions” (Stern, 2009). A five-point rating question was asked with three choices, and answers are portrayed in Tables 13 and 14.

It can be inferred from Table 13 that MS-Excel tops the list in the excellent and good category with 34% and 45%, respectively.  Twenty-eight per cent of librarians rated SPSS in the good category. More than 57% of LIS professionals mentioned that they are very poor in R software. Overall statistical skill is vital for LIS professionals and needs improvements.

All these statistical packages are meant for the analysis and interpretation of data for research purposes. Therefore, LIS Semi-professionals must be skilled in these tools to teach the research scholars and faculty members in Information Literacy Programmes or Workshops/Training Programmes.

Table 14 reveals that 16% of LIS semi-professionals rated SPSS in the good category. More than 58% of LIS semi-professionals indicate that they do not know/have a piece of shallow knowledge about R Software.  Maceli and Burke (2016), in their study, found that “statistical analysis software was bottom-15 technology skills used by the library and information science practitioners.” The study conducted by Robati and Diljit Singh (2013) reported that “familiarity with statistics and data analysis tools/ techniques under research competency were considered unimportant by the respondents with mean scores between 6.68 and 6.40.”  In contrast to this, Anyaoku’s (2012) study reported that ‘64.3% librarians had statistics package usage skills’.

“Navigation is an important skill a librarian brings to any collaboration. Librarians are often the people who provide relevant information to the users by using navigation tools to retrieve relevant information” (Stern 2009). A five-point rating question was asked the respondents with three choices. Tables 15 and 16 present the skills of the navigational tool by LIS professionals and semi-LIS professionals, respectively.

Table 15 demonstrates that 48.9% of the LIS professionals have high-level competency in search engines, followed by Web directories and subject gateways with 40% each. From the data analysis, it very well may be deduced that LIS professionals have astounding navigational abilities in retrieving information with precision. Skills related to the Web directory and subject gateways are meagre among the LIS professionals.

Search engines top the list in good ratings by LIS semi-professionals with 35%, followed by Web directory with 24% and subject gateway with 22%. Overall, LIS semi-professionals have excellent and valuable navigational tools, as reflected in the excellent and good categories. Twenty-one per cent and 16% semi-professionals mentioned that they are inferior in subject gateways and web directories.

“Navigation skills are the need of the hour. So the knowledge about navigational tools is very crucial in retrieving information with precision”, concluded Bajpai and Madhusudhan (2019). Therefore, skill-learning is required in this case. The result of this study is inconsistent with the findings of the study conducted by Chanetsa and Ngulube (2016), which reveals that “librarians possessed strong skills in Search engines with 82.6%.”  Ahmad and Rehman (2016) found that “the majority of professional librarians possessed a good level of knowledge of using search engines.”

The study found that most LIS professionals are competent in ICT tools such as ILMS, barcoding, RFID, CCTV, statistical tools, and navigational tools. In the case of semi-professionals, it was found that they have adequate knowledge and skills in Libsys, KOHA, Netlib, Troodon, SOUL, DSpace, Eprints digital library software.

The present study highlights LIS professionals’ lack ICT tools skills in ILMS and institutional repositories (Ganesha and Fedora); security systems (burglar system, electronic magnetic system, access control system, and biometric); content management systems (PHP Nuke, Typo 3 CMS); citation creation and management tools; statistical analysis software R; subject gateways, whereas LIS semi-professionals lack skills in VTLS and NewGenLib ILMS; Ganesha, Fedora, E-prints, Greenstone, and Dspace digital library software; burglar system, access control system, QR Codes, ESS, smart card technology and biometric security systems; PHP Nuke, Typo 3 CMS; citation creation and management tools such as EasyBib, Zotero, RefWorks; statistical analysis software R; subject gateways and Web directories.

To remain relevant in the LIS profession, LIS professionals should be proactive in learning new skills to handle technologies emerging from time to time. Libraries have to use their workforce by motivating and preparing them to handle present and future technologies. This study recommends training more LIS professionals and semi-professionals in digital library software programmes, electronic security systems, content management, citation and reference management,  statistical tools,  and emerging technologies. There are mandatory ICT tools in-house training to working LIS professionals and semi-professionals by their parent institution. They should depute their professionals and semi-professionals on compulsory ICT tools training their staff.   The present study also provided a platform for LIS professionals to find the area of focus to learn and update their ICT skills in the digital environment for efficient delivery of library services. Hence, the present study assumes a profound academic significance.

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